Unit9 Finalproject Essay - 897 Words

Shane’ Hill-Bailey CJ 210 Unit 9 Research Project 1/13/2012 Shane’ Hill-Bailey Professor Wiberg CJ 210 Unit 9 Final Project Ethical and Legal Preparations Required for a Successful Prosecution There are specific ethical considerations that need to be addressed when investigating Homicide and rape. A few of these ethical considerations are shared between the two such as the investigators mind state. This plays an important role in the preparations required for a successful prosecution. The investigator must be open-minded to any and all possibilities and be un-bias. The investigator must also know how to conduct all the elements of an investigation in the proper manner from a professional and legal aspect. Although homicide†¦show more content†¦Some general information that the investigator must have knowledge of is The Model Penal Code. The definition for The Model Penal Code is a person is guilty of robbery if they inflict serious bodily harm on another person, threatens or intentionally puts victim in fear of serious bodily injury, or commits or threatens to commit any felony of the first or second degree. Because theft or attempted thefts are the elements of robbery the investigator must have the knowledge to define those elements properly to investigate the case in the proper manner. To thoroughly investigate a robbery and have a successful prosecution the interview must be carefully developed in terms, sequence of individuals involved, and the questions asked should be in sequence. A category plan is used to help determine the interview plan. Physical factors such as age, injury, and race; emotional/physiology factors such as ego and attitude toward police; are all part of the category used to determine the interview plan. Another ethical consideration when investigating robbery is conducting the investigation by the proper protection and search measures of the crime scene. Footprints, fingerprints and fiber traces, saliva, body secretions such as fibers on clothing, trace material from victim on the suspects clothing, physical evidence from where a weapon is recovered, blood samples

Review of Major Management Functions Free Essays

string(24) " Presenting the plan 3\." MODULE TWO REVIEW OF MAJOR MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the components of the effective management 2. Give at least 5 principles of nursing management 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Major Management Functions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Define planning, organizing, leading, and controlling 4. State the purposes and benefits of planning 5. Describe the phases of planning 6. Differentiate between strategic and operational planning 7. Describes the steps in strategic planning 8. Name the major element of directing 9. Name the important criteria in the delegation of responsibilities 10. Name and describe at least three techniques used in controlling CONTENT OUTLINE I. THE NATURE OF MANAGEMENT PROCESS A. Principles of Management Process B. Components of Management Process II. PLANNING A. The Nature of Planning B. Purposes of Planning C. Process of Planning D. Types of Planning III. ORGANIZING A. Principles of Organizing IV. DIRECTING A. Activities Related to Directing B. Selected Tasks of Nurse Managers-Supervisor C. Leadership, Communication, Motivation V. CONTROLLING A. Principles of Controlling I. THE NURSING MANAGEMENT PROCESS Management has been defined as the process of getting work done through others. According to Fayol (in Swansburg, 1993): â€Å"To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control. To foresee and provide means of examining the future and drawing up the plan of action. To organize means building up the dual structure, material, and human of the undertaking. To command means binding together, unifying and harmonizing all activity and effort. To control means seeing that everything occurs in conformity with established rule and expressed demand. † A. The Principles of Management Process Fayol listed the principles of management as follows: Division of Labor * Authority * Discipline * Unity of Command * Subordination of individual interests to the general interest * Centralization * Scalar Chain Nursing management is the process by which nurse managers work through others to achieve nursing organizational goals. The nurse manager’s task is to plan, organize, direct, and control available financial, material and human resources so as to provide the most effective care possible to groups of patients and their families. Swansburg (1993) identified thirteen general principles of nursing management as follows: Nursing management is planning. * Nursing management is the effective use of time. * Nursing management is decision making. * Meeting patient’s nursing care needs is the business of the nurse manager. * Nursing management is the formulation and achievement of social goals. * Nursing management is organizing. * Nursing management denotes a function, social position or rank, discipline and a field of study. * Nursing management is the active organ of the division of nursing, of the organization, and of society in which it functions. * Organizational cultures reflect values and beliefs. Nursing management is directing and leading. * A well-managed division of nursing motivates employees to perform satisfactorily. * Nursing management is efficient communication. * Nursing management is cont rolling or evaluating. B. Component of Effective Management Tappen identified the components of effective management as follows: * Leadership * Planning * Direction * Monitoring * Recognition * Development * Representation Management Functions Identified Henri Fayol (1925) first identified the management functions and briefly described below: 1. Planning encompasses determining philosophy, goals, objectives, policies, procedures and rules; carrying out long- and short-range projections; determining a fiscal course of action; and managing planned change. 2. Organizing includes establishing the structure to carry out plans, determining the most appropriate type of patient care delivery, and grouping activities to meet unit goals. Other functions involve working within the structure of the organization and understanding and using power and authority appropriately. 3. Staffing functions consist of recruiting, interviewing, hiring, and orienting staff. Scheduling, staff development, employee socialization, and team building are also often included as staffing functions. Includes several staffing functions. 4. Directing sometimes includes several staffing functions. However, this phase’s functions usually entail human resource management responsibilities, such as motivating, managing conflict, delegating, communicating, and facilitating collaboration 5. Controlling functions include performance appraisals, fiscal accountability, quality control, and professional and collegial control II. PLANNING A. Nature of Planning Planning, a dynamic and future – oriented process is the first element of management. It is a complex, involving whole set of interrelated actions and decisions (Tappen, 1997) Planning has been defined in several ways as for example â€Å"making plan of action for a foreseeable future† (Fayo, 1949, Swansburg, 1996) or as having specific aim or purpose and mapping out a program or method beforehand for accomplishment of a goal. † (Douglas, 1988); â€Å" a process of beginning with objectives, followed by deciding strategies, policies, then by detailed steps on how to achieve them ( Steiner, 1969). These definitions indicate that it is a process whereby it is decided in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, who is to do it, as well determining feedback as bases for new plans. The planning step of the management process not only consists of determining the care needs of different types of patients, but also includes establishing nursing objectives, determining budgetary allotments, deciding the size and type of staff needed, designing an organizational structure that will maximize staff effectiveness, and establishing operational policies and procedures. (Gillies, 1994). Planning is a basic function of all managers. Why plan? There are many reasons for planning. B. Purposes of Planning According to Douglas (in Swansburg, 1996), the benefits and purposes of planning include the following: 1. Planning leads to success in achieving goals and objectives. 2. It gives meaning to work 3. It provides for effective use of available personnel and facilities 4. It helps in coping with crisis situations 5. It is cost effective 6. It is based on past and future, thus helping reduce the element of change. 7. It can be used to discover the need for change 8. It is needed for effective control Some other benefits are mentioned by Donovan(1975) These are: 1. Satisfactory outcomes of decision; 2. Improved functions in emergencies 3. Assurance of economy of time, space, and materials, and 4. The highest of personnel Processes of Planning: The process of planning is divided into three phases: 1. Developing the plan 2. Presenting the plan 3. You read "Review of Major Management Functions" in category "Essay examples" Implementing and monitoring the plan C. Types of Planning Types of planning. According to Tomey (1992), planning can either be a) long range or strategic planning and b) short range or operational planning. Tappen (1995), on the other hand, classified planning according to the purpose it serves. For example, health care planning is a broad, survey approach to determining the health needs of a specified population, a community or even an entire nation. The National Health Care Plan is an example. Project planning is the process applied to a particular project within an organization or a project carried out in cooperation with other agencies. Strategic planning or long range planning extends to five years into the future. It begins with in-depth analysis of the organization’s internal environment’s strength and weaknesses and the external opportunities and threats so that realistic goals can be set for the future. Strategic planning goals are more generic and broader than those of operational planning. Historically, strategic planning became prevalent in US health care settings and literature in the 1980s in response to major changes in the health care industry which began in the 70’s. These changes amount to a higher cost of health care to the extent that it is almost unaffordable to the general public. Chief executives of health care organizations are resorting to mergers, joint ventures, networking, and other ways of cutting costs in order to survive. The main purposes of strategic planning are to clarify beliefs and values and to give direction to the organization III. ORGANIZING Organizing is a thinking process that identifies the organizational needs from mission statements and objectives and from observation of works performed, then adapting the organizational design and structure to meet these needs. It is the process of designing the machine. During the organizing process, activities are grouped, responsibility and authority are determined, and working relationships are established to enable both the organization and the employees to realize their common objectives A. Principles of Organizing 1. The Principle of Chain of Command. This principle denotes centralized authority. It states that to be satisfying to members, economically effective, and successful in achieving their goals, organizations are established with hierarchical relationships within which authority flows from top to bottom. The pure line or hierarchical structure is a straightforward, direct chain of command pattern that emphasizes superior – subordinate relationship, in the more modern organizations; however, the chain of command is flat. 2. The Principle of Unity of Command. This principle states that employee has one supervisor/leader and one plan for a group of activities with the same objective. Although an employee may interact with many different individuals in the course of his work, he should be responsible to only one supervisor, whose direction he may regard as final. In Nursing, primary nursing and case management support the principle of unity of command. 3. The Principle of Span of Control. States that a person should be a supervisor of a group that he or she can effectively supervise in terms of numbers, functions, and geography. This principle is flexible because the more trained an employee is the less supervision is needed, while those still under straining need more supervision to prevent mistakes. 4. The Principle of specialization. States that each person perform a single leading function, This concept of division of labor or the differentiation among kinds of duties, springs from this principle IV. DIRECTING Directing is a function of leadership. It involves the activities of commanding, supervising, coordinating, leading, implementing, delegating, communicating, training, and motivating. It is also a process by which nursing personnel are inspired and motivated to accomplish work. A. Activities Related to Directing 1. Formulating objectives for care that are realistic for the health agency, patient, client, and nursing personnel 2. Giving first priority to the needs of the client assigned to the nursing staff 3. Providing for condition and efficiency among departments that provided support service 4. Identifying responsibility for all activities 5. Providing for safe and continuous care 6. Considering the need for variety in task assignment and for development of personnel 7. Providing for the leader’s availability to staff members for assistance. 8. Trusting members to follow through with their assignments 9. Interpreting protocol for responding to incidental requests 10. Explaining procedure to be followed in emergencies. 11. Giving clear, concise, formal and informal direction 12. Using a management control process B. Elements of Directing 1. Leadership. The leader’s philosophical beliefs, abilities, leadership style influence greatly the way he directs. 2. Communication. Using good communication techniques is one of the hallmarks of effective leadership and management. The nurse manager must understand that cooperation and communication in an organization go hand in hand. 3. Motivation. Motivating employees achieve high productivity and job satisfaction. V. CONTROLLING Controlling is the leadership function in which performance is measured and corrective action is taken to assure accomplishment of organizational goals. Controlling includes coordination of numerous activities, decision making related to planning and organizing activities, and information from the directing and evaluating of each worker’s performance. A. Principles of Controlling 1. The Principle of Uniformity – ensures that controls are related to the organizational structure 2. The Principle of Comparison – ensures that controls are stated in terms of the standards of the performance required 3. The Principle of Exception – provides summaries that identify exceptions to the standards. 4. Establishing Standards. The controlling process establishes standards in terms of expected and measurable outcomes. These are the yardsticks by which achievement of objectives are measured. 5. Measuring Performance. The standards are applied by collecting data and measuring the activities of nursing management, comparing standards with actual care. 6. Correcting Deviation. Any improvements deemed necessary from the feedback are made LEARNING ACTIVITIES: 1. Discuss the similarities between the nursing process and the nursing management process 2. Describe at least three components of effective management 3. Give one example of a strategic or operational planning that you have made in relation to your professional life 4. How will you apply the principles of directing and controlling in your field of work at present? How to cite Review of Major Management Functions, Essay examples

Myth Origins Essays - Culture, Religion, Mythology,

Myth Origins The origin of the word myth seems to be a myth in itself. Myths have generally originated from a Greek history that used an oral tradition to explain events that occurred before the written word. Often supernatural beings or fictitious characters were used to explain popular ideas concerning phenomena's of nature or the history of people. The myths that were carried on from generation to generation were often very imaginative in an attempt to spark the interest of young listeners. These would be told at social gatherings. The main purpose of a myth was to relay historical information among groups. Early myths often dealt with the origin of man, customs, religious rights, incidents involving the lives of gods, stories of culture heroes, adaptations of old world myths, or the retelling of biblical stories. The real meaning of the word myth, "a story or legend"(Webster's p.972) was created as oral traditions that were told from generation to generation. Often as individuals told the stories, they were changed slightly in context or meaning. One cannot be certain, however, that historically based myths are not historically correct. Exaggeration due to personal vendetta was often the cause for discrepancies of factual or not factual information included in dialect from a mythical standpoint. An instance where this fact was the case is seen in the Old Testament. Even, the Old Testament can be looked upon as being mythical, true, or false. From a religious perception, the Old Testament may be viewed as the history of Judaism and believed to be completely factual and true, but from a mythical standpoint that selection may be fictitious in context. Mythology suggests that due to the fact that events were perceived and told from many different viewpoints, the Old Testament may not be factual and only a myth of Judaism. A modern day perception of the Old Testament suggests that, "the mythic elements in the Bible cannot be accepted by people living in a scientific age and therefore make incomprehensible or unacceptable the true message to which they are attached in the Bible" (OED p.177). The definition of the word myth can best be found in a myth itself. "The Creation of Man by Prometheus" is an excellent example of a myth containing gods or superhuman characteristics, a lesson to be learned, and teachings or beliefs of the time period. This myth explains the creation of man in the minds of Greeks through super human characters such as the gods. How was man created in the minds of the Greeks? Prometheus used materials from nature (mud) to create a form similar to that of the gods, which can be seen today as the modern symbol of man. Another Greek goddess, Athena, then blew life into the sculpture. Man was now created. Prometheus then taught man how to survive and also taught them how to make fire. Zeus, the king of all gods and goddesses, was not happy with him giving man the gift of fire and punished Prometheus for the rest of his life. The Greeks in an oral tradition to explain this phenomenon, known as the origin of man (Hunt) then used this story. Many cultures, for example, have a different myth to explain the origin of man. Native Indian myths suggest that the joining of sprits created man. The sprits also taught man how to survive. This myth is similar to that of the Greek version because in both versions the creation of man involved supernatural interaction. As in every culture, the people of it have the individual they believe is responsible. Every culture has a myth explaining how man was created that they believe is correct based on their oral tradition. The Greeks believed that the Gods were responsible for this feat, while the Indians believed that spirits accomplished this task based on taught tradition. The purpose of these myths was to create answers to questions that could not be answered in those early times. The myths eased the minds of mortals and made mortals want to worship the spirits because the spirits held the only answers to their questions. Answers to these basic questions were later discovered through modern science. As science evolved, cultures began to realize that there were answers to these questions and that their myths contained less evidence of being correct. Scientific knowledge was often very hard for orthodox cultures to comprehend because they had always been taught the beliefs of their culture, which was based on these myths. As cultures have evolved and scientific evidence has become more evident

Theme for English B- Langston Hughes Research Paper Example

Theme for English B Theme for English B- Langston Hughes Paper Theme for English B- Langston Hughes Paper Langston Hughes wrote Theme for English B in 1949. English in the poem is emblematic of comprehensiveness, universality and cultural integration. The poem is a satirical take on the grading system with regard to individuals; and utilizes the vernacular as a potent metaphor to emphasis this. Hughes uses language, certain rhythm and structure to relay the bias to writing a poem on oneself due to the connotation that comes with race. The English language in question, English B, is emphasized as a level of English that is below the regular English A.In this context, the poet voices that the whites consider themselves to be the original inhabitants or true, as opposed to the blacks who were treated as secondary citizens. Parts of Theme for English B rhyme and other parts do not. The introduction to the poem starts with the poet paraphrasing the instructor’s orders: â€Å"Go home and write/a page tonight. And let that page come out of you/then it will be true. The speaker asks, I wonder if its that simple? The rest of the stanza in his voice, which is African-American, does not rhyme.The poem concludes with rhyming lines which end with me and free, and the last line: This is my page for English B. the vicissitudes in the rhyme pattern is representative of how language defines the supposed â€Å"quality† of the assignment. Furthermore, the shift in rhyme accentuates the metaphor of how this page is a representation of him and therefore how the different vernacular and rhyme are illustrative of how he is an amalgam of culture, neither stereotypically black, nor a white duplicate, but a contemporary blend of the two.In the poem, he lists facts about himself. This list is ingeniously written because Hughes subtly equates himself as first, a human being, then a normal man- just like any other- and finally as a man with good taste in terms of music and possessions â€Å"I like to eat, sleep, drink, and be in love. / I like to work, read, learn, and under stand life/ like a pipe for a Christmas present/ or records- Bessie, Bop, or Bach† (Hughes 21-23).He also states things that set him apart from his classmates, including the fact that he is the only African American man in his class and that he resides in Harlem (Hughes 10-11). By conveying his commonality, despite the superficial issue of race, Hughes depicts his plight of figuring out who he is as an individual, but also as a man trying to fit into society. He is both a part of Harlem and a part of a mostly white English class: â€Å"I guess I’m what / I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you† (Hughes 17-18).While he holds onto his African American culture, he also acknowledges that it does not define him as a person: â€Å"I guess being colored doesn’t make me  not  like / the same things other folks like who are other races† (Hughes 25-26). Hughes concludes that although he is different from his peers in some ways, they are all Americans with common likes and purposes. The â€Å"page† therefore works as a viable and profound metaphor for cultural integration.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Explained

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Explained Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Key Takeaways: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Maslow, we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.In this theory, higher needs in the hierarchy begin to emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous need.Although later research does not fully support all of Maslow’s theory, his research has impacted other psychologists and contributed to the field of positive psychology. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? In order to better understand what motivates human beings, Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy. This hierarchy ranges from more concrete needs- such as food and water- to more abstract concepts such as self-fulfillment. According to Maslow, when a lower need is met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our focus of attention. These are the five categories of needs according to Maslow: Physiological These refer to basic physical needs, such as drinking when thirsty or eating when hungry. According to Maslow, some of these needs involve our efforts to meet the body’s need for homeostasis; that is, maintaining consistent levels in different bodily systems (for example, maintaining a body temperature of 98.6 degrees). Maslow considered physiological needs to be the most essential of our needs. If someone is lacking in more than one need, they’re likely to try to meet these physiological needs first. For example, if someone is extremely hungry, it’s hard to focus on anything else besides food. Another example of a physiological need would be the need for adequate sleep. Safety Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in childhood, as children have a need for safe and predictable environments and typically react with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met. Maslow pointed out that, in adults living in developed nations, safety needs can be more apparent in emergency situations (e.g. war and disasters), but this need can also explain why we tend to  prefer the familiar  or why we do things like purchasing insurance and contributing to a savings account. Love and Belonging According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling loved and accepted. This need includes both romantic relationships as well as ties to friends and family members. It also includes our need to feel that we belong to a social group. Importantly, this need encompasses both feeling loved  and  feeling love towards others. Since Maslow’s time, researchers have continued to explore how love and belonging needs impact well-being. For example, having social connections is related to better physical health and, conversely, feeling isolated (i.e. having unmet belonging needs) has negative consequences for health and well-being. Esteem Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves. According to Maslow, esteem needs include two components. The first involves feeling self-confidence and feeling good about oneself. The second component involves feeling valued by others; that is, feeling that our achievements and contributions have been recognized by other people. When people’s esteem needs are met, they feel confident and see their contributions and achievements as valuable and important. However, when their esteem needs are not met, they may experience what psychologist Alfred Adler called â€Å"feelings of inferiority.† Self-Actualization Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we are living up to our potential. One unique feature of self-actualization is that it looks different for everyone. For one person, self-actualization might involve helping others; for another person, it might involve achievements in an artistic or creative field. Essentially, self-actualization means feeling that we are doing what we feel we are meant to do. According to Maslow, achieving self-actualization is relatively rare, and his examples of famous self-actualized individuals include Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Mother Teresa. How People Progress Through the Hierarchy of Needs Maslow postulated that there were several prerequisites to meeting these needs. For example, having freedom of speech and freedom of expression, or living in a just and fair society, aren’t specifically mentioned within the hierarchy of needs. However, Maslow believed that having these things makes it easier for people to achieve their needs. In addition to these needs, Maslow also believed that we have a need to learn new information and to better understand the world around us. This is partially because learning more about our environment helps us meet our other needs; for example, learning more about the world can help us feel safer, and developing a better understanding of a topic one is passionate about can contribute to self-actualization. However, Maslow also believed that this call to understand the world around us is an innate need as well. Although Maslow presented his needs in a hierarchy, he also acknowledged that meeting each need is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. Consequently, people don’t need to completely satisfy one need in order for the next need in the hierarchy to emerge. Maslow suggests that, at any given time, most people tend to have each of their needs partly met- and that needs lower on the hierarchy are typically the ones that people have made the most progress towards. Additionally, Maslow pointed out that one behavior might meet two or more needs. For example, sharing a meal with someone meets the physiological need for food, but it might also meet the need of belonging. Similarly, working as a paid caregiver would provide someone with income (which allows them to pay for food and shelter), but can also provide them a sense of social connection and fulfillment. Testing Maslow’s Theory In the time since Maslow published his original paper, his idea that we go through five specific stages hasn’t always been supported by research. In a 2011 study of human needs across cultures, researchers Louis Tay and Ed Diener looked at data from over 60,000 participants in over 120 different countries. They assessed six needs similar to Maslow’s: basic needs (similar to Maslow’s physiological needs), safety, love, pride and respect (similar to Maslow’s esteem needs), mastery, and autonomy. They found that meeting these needs was indeed linked to well-being. In particular, having basic needs met was linked to people’s overall assessment of their lives, and feeling positive emotions was linked to meeting the needs of feeling loved and respected. However, although Tay and Diener found support for some of Maslow’s basic needs, the order that people go through these steps seems to be more of a rough guide than a strict rule. For example, people living in poverty might have trouble meeting their needs for food and safety. However, these individuals still sometimes reported feeling loved and supported by the people around them- meeting the previous needs in the hierarchy wasn’t a prerequisite for people to meet their love and belonging needs. Maslow’s Impact on Other Researchers Maslow’s theory has had a strong influence on other researchers, who have sought to build on his theory. For example, psychologists Carol Ryff and Burton Singer drew on Maslow’s theories when developing their theory of eudaimonic well-being. According to Ryff and Singer, eudaimonic well-being refers to feeling purpose and meaning- which is similar to Maslow’s idea of self-actualization. Psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary built on Maslow’s idea of love and belonging needs. According to Baumeister and Leary, feeling that one belongs is a fundamental need, and they suggest that feeling isolated or left out can have negative consequences for mental and physical health. Sources: Baumeister, Roy F., and Mark R. Leary. â€Å"The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.† Psychological Bulletin 117.3 (1995): 97-529. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651ï » ¿Kremer, William, and Claudia Hammond. â€Å"Abraham Maslow and the Pyramid That Beguiled Business.† BBC (2013, Sep. 1). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918Maslow, Abraham Harold. â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation.†Ã‚  Psychological Review  50.4 (1943): 370-396. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03751-001Ryff, Carol D., and Burton H. Singer. â€Å"Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being.†Ã‚  Journal of Happiness Studies  9.1 (2008): 13-39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0Tay, Louis, and Ed Diener. â€Å"Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World.†Ã‚  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  101.2 (2011): 354-365. http://psy cnet.apa.org/record/2011-12249-001Villarica, Hans. â€Å"Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness.† The Atlantic (2011, Aug. 17). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/08/maslow-20-a-new-and-improved-recipe-for-happiness/243486/

Analyses of the Articles about Animal Ethics Research Paper

Analyses of the Articles about Animal Ethics - Research Paper Example Animals do not have rights since they do not have moral reasoning and moral judgment. Use of animal as research subjects in medical research has been condemned widely criticized and condemned on two grounds: that it wrongly violates the animal rights and that it wrongly imposes much avoidable suffering on sentient creatures. According to Cohen (575), these arguments are not valid the first one relies on an understanding of rights which is mistaken, and the second is based on calculations of sequences which is mistaken. A right is a claim that can be exercised by one party against another (Cohen 576). The target of the right claim can be a human being, community or even the entire humankind but not to animals. For, any genuine right to be fully comprehended the person who holds the claim against the other party must be known and to what it is a right. Rights arise, according to Cohen (576), and they can be â€Å"intelligently defended, only among beings†¦.† Only human beings can make claims and rights beings claims, animals do not have rights since they can not make any moral claim against any person or group. The attributes of human beings from which, moral capability arises, have been discussed by philosophers at all times; ancient and modern, the inner consciousness of a free will. Animals do not have the ability to reason using a free will, and this denies the animals rights. Human beings defend other human beings lives and animals’ by treating them, and this can only be done through the use of animals in research. According to Cohen (579), â€Å"every disease eliminated, every vaccine developed†¦virtually every modern medical therapy is due†¦ to experimentation using animals.† For human and animal welfare to be enhanced, research has to be done using the animals. The article the case for the use of animals in biomedical research, by Carl Cohen, looks at the importance of animals in biomedical research to both animals  and humans, as well. This paper fully supports Cohen in his argument about animals not having rights, his definition of rights.  

Researchers and laboratories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Researchers and laboratories - Essay Example Overall, there is an expectation from this key customer group that there be a cost effective and guaranteed delivery mechanism in the postal services. Time is critical for them. But they are more particular about the time of delivery being committed rather than just being fast. In short, a fast, reliable and economical delivery mechanism is what is expected out of the postal services from this key customer group. The courier service has been picked up as the business for consideration. This would work more like the postal services and would make use of the airline industry which would also benefit by introducing such a service. With the changing and dynamic scenario of currency exchange rates and international travel playing a major role in the airline industry, the courier or postal services will bring in a semblance of stability to the industry. Also, there are gaps in the airline industry which could make operation of the postal services profitable. Based on all these conditions, the airline industry is chosen to support the postal services that are planned for the purpose. In order to evaluate the possible impact of such a postal service on the using customers and the major or key customers and what they look for in this business, a survey is planned. The following groups of people are considered key customers for the business: 1. Researchers and two, Laboratories. These industries requi re delivery of a message or information from the researcher to the lab and vice versa swiftly as well as without any ambiguity. Therefore, the possibility that these people would become a key customer is high. Aims and Objectives The aim of this work is to ensure that an appropriate survey is conducted on a key customer group resulting in gathering relevant information that will help the management to make appropriate decision. The objectives of this project are to conduct a market research and survey on the usefulness and acceptability of a postal service. In order to achieve both the aim and the objectives, it is important that an appropriate target or key customer group is identified. Secondly, a proper questionnaire is also designed for the purpose of conducting a survey. In line with this need, the following jobs are subsequently done. Key Customer Group Many of the schools and colleges have research fellows working under their stewardship. In addition, there are also researchers in private and public labs who are also on the job of research. It will be impossible for the researchers to share their work with their other colleagues without having appropriate communication methodology. Though with the large scale increase in technology, namely internet and email, it is still found that there is nothing that would equal printed paper sharing and the ease with which one can share the printed paper. Therefore, it is imperative that this group of people make use of the postal services more than any other group of people and it would be important for the postal servic