Definition and Examples of Display Question

Definition and Examples of Display Question A presentation question is a sort of non-serious inquiry to which the examiner definitely knows the appropriate response. Additionally called aâ known data question. Unique in relation to erotesis questions, show questions are frequently utilized for instructional purposes. Theyre used to decide whether understudies can show their insight into truthful substance. Models and Observations So as I have quite recently illustrated, youngsters, he was stating now, grass is ideal to sit on, yet be cautious since it can tickle. Now,â can anybody tell meâ the name of this attractive animal over here?Is it a rhino, sir? said a young lady called Caroline.Very close, Caroline, said Alan Taylor generous. As a matter of fact, it is known as a subterranean insect. Presently who can let me know (Andy Stanton, Mr. Gum and the Cherry Tree. Egmont, 2010)In 1930, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives, with an end goal to mitigate the impacts of theanyone? anybody?- the Great Depression, passed theanyone? anybody? The levy bill? The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? Which, anybody? Raised or brought down? Brought taxes up with an end goal to gather more income for the national government. Accomplished it work? Anybody? Anybody know the impacts? It didn't work, and the United States sank further into the Great Depression. Today we have a comparable discussion over this. Anybody k now what this is? Class? Anybody? Anybody? Anybody considered this To be Stein as the financial matters instructor in Ferris Buellers Day Off, 1986) The [drivers education] class was instructed by an old and disillusioned veteran of the New York City government funded educational system who had the looks and the demeanor of, on second thought, me nowadays. His type of guidance was Socratic, tirelessly so.What is the reason for the controlling wheel? he asked.The older Jewish women took a gander at their shoes. The Chinese gazed into space. The dark folks kept slanging each other.What is the reason for the directing wheel? the instructor asked again and got a similar reaction. . . .Thus it went for a month and a half. The educator posed a horrendously straightforward inquiry. No one said anything. The educator rehashed the agonizingly straightforward inquiry. No one said anything.(P.J. ORourke, Driving Like Crazy. Atlantic Monthly Press, 2009) The Purpose of Display Questions Something that the media meet and the homeroom association share for all intents and purpose is the utilization of show questions. . . . The motivation behind a showcase question is to put information or data out there in the open. In the study hall, this is a significant method of transmitting and testing information for educators and understudies. In these presentation question circumstances, for example, study halls and tests, the examiner follows up the appropriate response by expressing whether it is the right one or not. Be that as it may, in media interviews, . . . the follow up is all the time left to the audience or viewer.(Anne OKeeffe, Michael McCarthy, and Ronald Carter, From Corpus to Classroom: Language Use and Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) The Lighter Side of Display Questions Texas Ranger: The instructor solicited me what was the capital from North Carolina. I said Washington, D.C.Cal Naughton, Jr.: Bingo.Ricky Bobby: Nice.Texas Ranger: She stated, No, youre wrong. I stated, You got an uneven butt. She got frantic at me and hollered at me and I peed in my jeans and I never changed my pee-pants throughout the day. Im as yet sitting in my filthy pee-pants.Cal Naughton, Jr.: I wet my bed until I was nineteen. Theres no disgrace in that.(Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, 2006)

Borrelia Burgdorferi Essay -- Medical Health Biology Essays

Borrelia Burgdorferi Life History: Lyme illness is a contamination brought about by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete that is found in deer ticks of sort Ixodes. Lyme sickness was named in 1977 after joint pain was seen in bunches in kids in Lyme, Connecticut. A tainted tick can transmit B. burgdorferi to the people and creatures that it chomps. Whenever left untreated, the B. burgdorferi can cause a fundamental disease by going through the circulatory system and building up itself in different body tissues. Lyme sickness is most predominantly found in north-eastern United States. Microbial Characteristics and Virulence: Borrelia burgdorferi isn't delegated either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. At the point when B. burgdorferi is Gram-recolored, the cells stain a feeble Gram-negative as a matter of course, as safrin is the last color utilized. B. burgdorferi has an external film that contains a LPS-like substance, an inward layer, and a periplasmic space which contains a layer of peptidoglycan. They have endoflagella which are contained inside the periplasmic space. It tends to be developed on an altered Kelly medium called BSK (Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly). BSK set with 1.3% agarose permits the creation of states from single living beings. The spirochete develops more gradually than most other microorganisms isolating once following 12-24 hours. B. burgdorferi looks like different spirochetes in that it is a profoundly specific, motile, two-film, winding formed microbes which lives fundamentally as an extracellular pathogen. One of the most striking highlights of B. burgdorferi as contrasted and other e ubacteria is its surprising genome, which incorporates a straight chromosome around one megabase in size and various direct and roundabout plasmids. Long haul culture of B. burgdorferi re... ..., Pennsylvania, Delaware Maryland, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin. Lyme sickness represents around 16,000 contaminations in the United States every year. Since 1982 there have been more than 145,000 cases answered to wellbeing experts in the US. Lyme sickness represents 95% of vector borne disease and the rate is 5 for every 100,000 in spite of the fact that this number might be not exactly obvious cases due to underreporting. Individuals everything being equal and the two sexes are similarly powerless, albeit most elevated assault rates are in youngsters ages 0-14 years and in people 30 years old or more seasoned. Sources Cited: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/index.htm http://www.aldf.com/Lyme.asp#PARA1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/bburgdorferi.htm http://www.aldf.com/Lyme_TreatmentTable.html http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/epi.htm http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic588.htm

Tips on Creating Best Presentation

Tips on Creating Best Presentation How to Turn a Usual Presentation into a Killer One Home›Tips for Students›How to Turn a Usual Presentation into a Killer One Tips for StudentsA presentation is the best way to convey ideas. Visual learners will undoubtedly agree with me. That is the reason why presentations are widely used in the learning process. If to speak about the ultimate tool for creating presentations, many of us will think of PowerPoint. The truth is that if you wish a presentation with some flair, this program is a bit heavyweight and old-fashioned to create one. QualityCustomEssays is going to reveal you the secrets of creating a killer presentation with the help of brand new digital alternatives to Power Point:Keynote. The tool that practically makes the process of creating a presentation enjoyable. It is available on each Apple product (either iPod or iPhone). It offers new slide transitions and 3D or animated charts. You can use a full-screen view for the information to be presented from your devic e or you can opt for video mirroring to show the info on HDTV. You get the possibility to preview your slides as well as stay on track with the help of clock and timer, while the audience is privy to the main screen. It is very useful for pacing yourself in a proper way. What is more important, the app allows to record the voice and set slide timing in case you can’t be present at the presentation. Keynote is available for about $10.Prezi. It is a presentation tool for next generation that combines the idea of visual mind-mapping as well as zoomable user interface. Prezi’s in and out zooming allows better conveying your thought process and for the audience better understanding of the matter. You can customize your presentation from scratch or use some of the templates. It is a cloud-based tool which allows you to have access to your presentation, add images, videos, PDF files and texts from anywhere. Here is a detailed video tutorial for you to learn how to master the using of the tool. Your first presentations will be free of charge. Later you will be offered to pay about $60 for using the tool for a year.We hope that with the help of the mentioned above tips you will be able to create killing presentations that will improve your grades. Remember that our service can also influence your grades in a positive way. I speak about your only high grades for academic writing assignments done by our highly qualified writers. Do not hesitate to become our customers!

The Effects Of Home Life On Children s Development

Every day, and in every home, kids are affected by the actions of those around them. Whether these people be their parents, their peers, teachers, or just strangers of the community, they all play huge roles in the young generation’s development, health and their ability to learn. Home-life is important, this may seem obvious, but to some it is all but clear. 1. Students are now spending about 15 percent (1,108 hours) of their time at school, which means for younger children who only spend at home or school, are at home for 85 percent (7,652 hours) of their year. There are a multitude of various factors relevant to home-life which can affect a student’s development and ability to learn. One contributing factor to the growth and development of students is their parents. Parents not only provide for the children- shelter, food, water- but parents are also a child’s travel guide through life. Often times there are circumstances such as drug abuse in the family, or p overty, which provide obstacles for families. These circumstances can affect a student’s performance in school, their interests, and their health. A healthy home-life is key to students performing well in school. When we think about students’ home-life for this generation (and the generations to come), we often discuss what kids do during their time off from academics. The first thing which comes to mind is the dependency of technology. Technology, whether it be used for gaming, interaction, research- whatever- canShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On Child Development1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Divorce on Child Development I met the love of my life in my financial accounting class. He was charming, and intelligent, and he carried himself well. Early into our relationship I realized underneath this assuring exterior, was a broken, unstable man. 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Whether theRead MoreEffect of Domestic Violence on Children692 Words   |  3 PagesPS 103 ASSIGNMENT 1 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ID: S99003183; URIAM ROBATI ABSTRACT Domestic Violence has a great effect on children. Domestic violence also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse or child abuse is recognized as a pattern of abusive behavior by one or both partners especially those in marriage. This coercive behavior is used against another person to obtain power and control over the other party in a relationship. Domestic violence takes many forms such as physical violence whichRead MoreEarly Childhood : Childhood Development1494 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood development Early childhood is the the time period when a child opens his eyes in the world and it continues upto the age of 8 years old (Masten et al. â€Å"NAME OF ARTICLE†)This is really the time in which the brain of the child starts growing and basis for the subsequences of development. 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When parents have a financial problem, they are distressed and cannot have a quality time with children. For example, a low-income status parents have arguments and fight over their financial problems which cause distress such as a depression and an anxiety; in addition, parents have unstable relationship and become impatient or uninvolved for their children. Importantly, parents are the most influentialRead MorePositive And Negative Influences Of Working And Stay At Home Mothers On Children1409 Words   |  6 PagesInfluences of Working and Stay-At-Home Mothers on Children Are children better off if mothers stay at home to take care of them? Recently, whether mother should stay home taking care of children or work as normal have been argued a lot, Some mothers may rather choose stay at home and take the traditional homemaker role. Others may prefer to work outside home to meet her full personal potential. There can be both positive and negative effects of working mothers on their children. While working mothers canRead MoreNature vs. Nurture1218 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure while Susan’s life was very laid back. They looked the same and liked many of the same things, yet their personalities were very different. What is responsible for these differences? Is it simply that they are two different people with different interests and preferences? Or did the environments that they grew up in play a part in making who they are? In the nature vs. nurture controversy, nature proclaims that our genetic make-up plays the primary role in human developme nt, while nurture declares

Unit9 Finalproject Essay - 897 Words

Shane’ Hill-Bailey CJ 210 Unit 9 Research Project 1/13/2012 Shane’ Hill-Bailey Professor Wiberg CJ 210 Unit 9 Final Project Ethical and Legal Preparations Required for a Successful Prosecution There are specific ethical considerations that need to be addressed when investigating Homicide and rape. A few of these ethical considerations are shared between the two such as the investigators mind state. This plays an important role in the preparations required for a successful prosecution. The investigator must be open-minded to any and all possibilities and be un-bias. The investigator must also know how to conduct all the elements of an investigation in the proper manner from a professional and legal aspect. Although homicide†¦show more content†¦Some general information that the investigator must have knowledge of is The Model Penal Code. The definition for The Model Penal Code is a person is guilty of robbery if they inflict serious bodily harm on another person, threatens or intentionally puts victim in fear of serious bodily injury, or commits or threatens to commit any felony of the first or second degree. Because theft or attempted thefts are the elements of robbery the investigator must have the knowledge to define those elements properly to investigate the case in the proper manner. To thoroughly investigate a robbery and have a successful prosecution the interview must be carefully developed in terms, sequence of individuals involved, and the questions asked should be in sequence. A category plan is used to help determine the interview plan. Physical factors such as age, injury, and race; emotional/physiology factors such as ego and attitude toward police; are all part of the category used to determine the interview plan. Another ethical consideration when investigating robbery is conducting the investigation by the proper protection and search measures of the crime scene. Footprints, fingerprints and fiber traces, saliva, body secretions such as fibers on clothing, trace material from victim on the suspects clothing, physical evidence from where a weapon is recovered, blood samples

Review of Major Management Functions Free Essays

string(24) " Presenting the plan 3\." MODULE TWO REVIEW OF MAJOR MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the components of the effective management 2. Give at least 5 principles of nursing management 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Major Management Functions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Define planning, organizing, leading, and controlling 4. State the purposes and benefits of planning 5. Describe the phases of planning 6. Differentiate between strategic and operational planning 7. Describes the steps in strategic planning 8. Name the major element of directing 9. Name the important criteria in the delegation of responsibilities 10. Name and describe at least three techniques used in controlling CONTENT OUTLINE I. THE NATURE OF MANAGEMENT PROCESS A. Principles of Management Process B. Components of Management Process II. PLANNING A. The Nature of Planning B. Purposes of Planning C. Process of Planning D. Types of Planning III. ORGANIZING A. Principles of Organizing IV. DIRECTING A. Activities Related to Directing B. Selected Tasks of Nurse Managers-Supervisor C. Leadership, Communication, Motivation V. CONTROLLING A. Principles of Controlling I. THE NURSING MANAGEMENT PROCESS Management has been defined as the process of getting work done through others. According to Fayol (in Swansburg, 1993): â€Å"To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control. To foresee and provide means of examining the future and drawing up the plan of action. To organize means building up the dual structure, material, and human of the undertaking. To command means binding together, unifying and harmonizing all activity and effort. To control means seeing that everything occurs in conformity with established rule and expressed demand. † A. The Principles of Management Process Fayol listed the principles of management as follows: Division of Labor * Authority * Discipline * Unity of Command * Subordination of individual interests to the general interest * Centralization * Scalar Chain Nursing management is the process by which nurse managers work through others to achieve nursing organizational goals. The nurse manager’s task is to plan, organize, direct, and control available financial, material and human resources so as to provide the most effective care possible to groups of patients and their families. Swansburg (1993) identified thirteen general principles of nursing management as follows: Nursing management is planning. * Nursing management is the effective use of time. * Nursing management is decision making. * Meeting patient’s nursing care needs is the business of the nurse manager. * Nursing management is the formulation and achievement of social goals. * Nursing management is organizing. * Nursing management denotes a function, social position or rank, discipline and a field of study. * Nursing management is the active organ of the division of nursing, of the organization, and of society in which it functions. * Organizational cultures reflect values and beliefs. Nursing management is directing and leading. * A well-managed division of nursing motivates employees to perform satisfactorily. * Nursing management is efficient communication. * Nursing management is cont rolling or evaluating. B. Component of Effective Management Tappen identified the components of effective management as follows: * Leadership * Planning * Direction * Monitoring * Recognition * Development * Representation Management Functions Identified Henri Fayol (1925) first identified the management functions and briefly described below: 1. Planning encompasses determining philosophy, goals, objectives, policies, procedures and rules; carrying out long- and short-range projections; determining a fiscal course of action; and managing planned change. 2. Organizing includes establishing the structure to carry out plans, determining the most appropriate type of patient care delivery, and grouping activities to meet unit goals. Other functions involve working within the structure of the organization and understanding and using power and authority appropriately. 3. Staffing functions consist of recruiting, interviewing, hiring, and orienting staff. Scheduling, staff development, employee socialization, and team building are also often included as staffing functions. Includes several staffing functions. 4. Directing sometimes includes several staffing functions. However, this phase’s functions usually entail human resource management responsibilities, such as motivating, managing conflict, delegating, communicating, and facilitating collaboration 5. Controlling functions include performance appraisals, fiscal accountability, quality control, and professional and collegial control II. PLANNING A. Nature of Planning Planning, a dynamic and future – oriented process is the first element of management. It is a complex, involving whole set of interrelated actions and decisions (Tappen, 1997) Planning has been defined in several ways as for example â€Å"making plan of action for a foreseeable future† (Fayo, 1949, Swansburg, 1996) or as having specific aim or purpose and mapping out a program or method beforehand for accomplishment of a goal. † (Douglas, 1988); â€Å" a process of beginning with objectives, followed by deciding strategies, policies, then by detailed steps on how to achieve them ( Steiner, 1969). These definitions indicate that it is a process whereby it is decided in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, who is to do it, as well determining feedback as bases for new plans. The planning step of the management process not only consists of determining the care needs of different types of patients, but also includes establishing nursing objectives, determining budgetary allotments, deciding the size and type of staff needed, designing an organizational structure that will maximize staff effectiveness, and establishing operational policies and procedures. (Gillies, 1994). Planning is a basic function of all managers. Why plan? There are many reasons for planning. B. Purposes of Planning According to Douglas (in Swansburg, 1996), the benefits and purposes of planning include the following: 1. Planning leads to success in achieving goals and objectives. 2. It gives meaning to work 3. It provides for effective use of available personnel and facilities 4. It helps in coping with crisis situations 5. It is cost effective 6. It is based on past and future, thus helping reduce the element of change. 7. It can be used to discover the need for change 8. It is needed for effective control Some other benefits are mentioned by Donovan(1975) These are: 1. Satisfactory outcomes of decision; 2. Improved functions in emergencies 3. Assurance of economy of time, space, and materials, and 4. The highest of personnel Processes of Planning: The process of planning is divided into three phases: 1. Developing the plan 2. Presenting the plan 3. You read "Review of Major Management Functions" in category "Essay examples" Implementing and monitoring the plan C. Types of Planning Types of planning. According to Tomey (1992), planning can either be a) long range or strategic planning and b) short range or operational planning. Tappen (1995), on the other hand, classified planning according to the purpose it serves. For example, health care planning is a broad, survey approach to determining the health needs of a specified population, a community or even an entire nation. The National Health Care Plan is an example. Project planning is the process applied to a particular project within an organization or a project carried out in cooperation with other agencies. Strategic planning or long range planning extends to five years into the future. It begins with in-depth analysis of the organization’s internal environment’s strength and weaknesses and the external opportunities and threats so that realistic goals can be set for the future. Strategic planning goals are more generic and broader than those of operational planning. Historically, strategic planning became prevalent in US health care settings and literature in the 1980s in response to major changes in the health care industry which began in the 70’s. These changes amount to a higher cost of health care to the extent that it is almost unaffordable to the general public. Chief executives of health care organizations are resorting to mergers, joint ventures, networking, and other ways of cutting costs in order to survive. The main purposes of strategic planning are to clarify beliefs and values and to give direction to the organization III. ORGANIZING Organizing is a thinking process that identifies the organizational needs from mission statements and objectives and from observation of works performed, then adapting the organizational design and structure to meet these needs. It is the process of designing the machine. During the organizing process, activities are grouped, responsibility and authority are determined, and working relationships are established to enable both the organization and the employees to realize their common objectives A. Principles of Organizing 1. The Principle of Chain of Command. This principle denotes centralized authority. It states that to be satisfying to members, economically effective, and successful in achieving their goals, organizations are established with hierarchical relationships within which authority flows from top to bottom. The pure line or hierarchical structure is a straightforward, direct chain of command pattern that emphasizes superior – subordinate relationship, in the more modern organizations; however, the chain of command is flat. 2. The Principle of Unity of Command. This principle states that employee has one supervisor/leader and one plan for a group of activities with the same objective. Although an employee may interact with many different individuals in the course of his work, he should be responsible to only one supervisor, whose direction he may regard as final. In Nursing, primary nursing and case management support the principle of unity of command. 3. The Principle of Span of Control. States that a person should be a supervisor of a group that he or she can effectively supervise in terms of numbers, functions, and geography. This principle is flexible because the more trained an employee is the less supervision is needed, while those still under straining need more supervision to prevent mistakes. 4. The Principle of specialization. States that each person perform a single leading function, This concept of division of labor or the differentiation among kinds of duties, springs from this principle IV. DIRECTING Directing is a function of leadership. It involves the activities of commanding, supervising, coordinating, leading, implementing, delegating, communicating, training, and motivating. It is also a process by which nursing personnel are inspired and motivated to accomplish work. A. Activities Related to Directing 1. Formulating objectives for care that are realistic for the health agency, patient, client, and nursing personnel 2. Giving first priority to the needs of the client assigned to the nursing staff 3. Providing for condition and efficiency among departments that provided support service 4. Identifying responsibility for all activities 5. Providing for safe and continuous care 6. Considering the need for variety in task assignment and for development of personnel 7. Providing for the leader’s availability to staff members for assistance. 8. Trusting members to follow through with their assignments 9. Interpreting protocol for responding to incidental requests 10. Explaining procedure to be followed in emergencies. 11. Giving clear, concise, formal and informal direction 12. Using a management control process B. Elements of Directing 1. Leadership. The leader’s philosophical beliefs, abilities, leadership style influence greatly the way he directs. 2. Communication. Using good communication techniques is one of the hallmarks of effective leadership and management. The nurse manager must understand that cooperation and communication in an organization go hand in hand. 3. Motivation. Motivating employees achieve high productivity and job satisfaction. V. CONTROLLING Controlling is the leadership function in which performance is measured and corrective action is taken to assure accomplishment of organizational goals. Controlling includes coordination of numerous activities, decision making related to planning and organizing activities, and information from the directing and evaluating of each worker’s performance. A. Principles of Controlling 1. The Principle of Uniformity – ensures that controls are related to the organizational structure 2. The Principle of Comparison – ensures that controls are stated in terms of the standards of the performance required 3. The Principle of Exception – provides summaries that identify exceptions to the standards. 4. Establishing Standards. The controlling process establishes standards in terms of expected and measurable outcomes. These are the yardsticks by which achievement of objectives are measured. 5. Measuring Performance. The standards are applied by collecting data and measuring the activities of nursing management, comparing standards with actual care. 6. Correcting Deviation. Any improvements deemed necessary from the feedback are made LEARNING ACTIVITIES: 1. Discuss the similarities between the nursing process and the nursing management process 2. Describe at least three components of effective management 3. Give one example of a strategic or operational planning that you have made in relation to your professional life 4. How will you apply the principles of directing and controlling in your field of work at present? How to cite Review of Major Management Functions, Essay examples

Myth Origins Essays - Culture, Religion, Mythology,

Myth Origins The origin of the word myth seems to be a myth in itself. Myths have generally originated from a Greek history that used an oral tradition to explain events that occurred before the written word. Often supernatural beings or fictitious characters were used to explain popular ideas concerning phenomena's of nature or the history of people. The myths that were carried on from generation to generation were often very imaginative in an attempt to spark the interest of young listeners. These would be told at social gatherings. The main purpose of a myth was to relay historical information among groups. Early myths often dealt with the origin of man, customs, religious rights, incidents involving the lives of gods, stories of culture heroes, adaptations of old world myths, or the retelling of biblical stories. The real meaning of the word myth, "a story or legend"(Webster's p.972) was created as oral traditions that were told from generation to generation. Often as individuals told the stories, they were changed slightly in context or meaning. One cannot be certain, however, that historically based myths are not historically correct. Exaggeration due to personal vendetta was often the cause for discrepancies of factual or not factual information included in dialect from a mythical standpoint. An instance where this fact was the case is seen in the Old Testament. Even, the Old Testament can be looked upon as being mythical, true, or false. From a religious perception, the Old Testament may be viewed as the history of Judaism and believed to be completely factual and true, but from a mythical standpoint that selection may be fictitious in context. Mythology suggests that due to the fact that events were perceived and told from many different viewpoints, the Old Testament may not be factual and only a myth of Judaism. A modern day perception of the Old Testament suggests that, "the mythic elements in the Bible cannot be accepted by people living in a scientific age and therefore make incomprehensible or unacceptable the true message to which they are attached in the Bible" (OED p.177). The definition of the word myth can best be found in a myth itself. "The Creation of Man by Prometheus" is an excellent example of a myth containing gods or superhuman characteristics, a lesson to be learned, and teachings or beliefs of the time period. This myth explains the creation of man in the minds of Greeks through super human characters such as the gods. How was man created in the minds of the Greeks? Prometheus used materials from nature (mud) to create a form similar to that of the gods, which can be seen today as the modern symbol of man. Another Greek goddess, Athena, then blew life into the sculpture. Man was now created. Prometheus then taught man how to survive and also taught them how to make fire. Zeus, the king of all gods and goddesses, was not happy with him giving man the gift of fire and punished Prometheus for the rest of his life. The Greeks in an oral tradition to explain this phenomenon, known as the origin of man (Hunt) then used this story. Many cultures, for example, have a different myth to explain the origin of man. Native Indian myths suggest that the joining of sprits created man. The sprits also taught man how to survive. This myth is similar to that of the Greek version because in both versions the creation of man involved supernatural interaction. As in every culture, the people of it have the individual they believe is responsible. Every culture has a myth explaining how man was created that they believe is correct based on their oral tradition. The Greeks believed that the Gods were responsible for this feat, while the Indians believed that spirits accomplished this task based on taught tradition. The purpose of these myths was to create answers to questions that could not be answered in those early times. The myths eased the minds of mortals and made mortals want to worship the spirits because the spirits held the only answers to their questions. Answers to these basic questions were later discovered through modern science. As science evolved, cultures began to realize that there were answers to these questions and that their myths contained less evidence of being correct. Scientific knowledge was often very hard for orthodox cultures to comprehend because they had always been taught the beliefs of their culture, which was based on these myths. As cultures have evolved and scientific evidence has become more evident

Theme for English B- Langston Hughes Research Paper Example

Theme for English B Theme for English B- Langston Hughes Paper Theme for English B- Langston Hughes Paper Langston Hughes wrote Theme for English B in 1949. English in the poem is emblematic of comprehensiveness, universality and cultural integration. The poem is a satirical take on the grading system with regard to individuals; and utilizes the vernacular as a potent metaphor to emphasis this. Hughes uses language, certain rhythm and structure to relay the bias to writing a poem on oneself due to the connotation that comes with race. The English language in question, English B, is emphasized as a level of English that is below the regular English A.In this context, the poet voices that the whites consider themselves to be the original inhabitants or true, as opposed to the blacks who were treated as secondary citizens. Parts of Theme for English B rhyme and other parts do not. The introduction to the poem starts with the poet paraphrasing the instructor’s orders: â€Å"Go home and write/a page tonight. And let that page come out of you/then it will be true. The speaker asks, I wonder if its that simple? The rest of the stanza in his voice, which is African-American, does not rhyme.The poem concludes with rhyming lines which end with me and free, and the last line: This is my page for English B. the vicissitudes in the rhyme pattern is representative of how language defines the supposed â€Å"quality† of the assignment. Furthermore, the shift in rhyme accentuates the metaphor of how this page is a representation of him and therefore how the different vernacular and rhyme are illustrative of how he is an amalgam of culture, neither stereotypically black, nor a white duplicate, but a contemporary blend of the two.In the poem, he lists facts about himself. This list is ingeniously written because Hughes subtly equates himself as first, a human being, then a normal man- just like any other- and finally as a man with good taste in terms of music and possessions â€Å"I like to eat, sleep, drink, and be in love. / I like to work, read, learn, and under stand life/ like a pipe for a Christmas present/ or records- Bessie, Bop, or Bach† (Hughes 21-23).He also states things that set him apart from his classmates, including the fact that he is the only African American man in his class and that he resides in Harlem (Hughes 10-11). By conveying his commonality, despite the superficial issue of race, Hughes depicts his plight of figuring out who he is as an individual, but also as a man trying to fit into society. He is both a part of Harlem and a part of a mostly white English class: â€Å"I guess I’m what / I feel and see and hear, Harlem, I hear you† (Hughes 17-18).While he holds onto his African American culture, he also acknowledges that it does not define him as a person: â€Å"I guess being colored doesn’t make me  not  like / the same things other folks like who are other races† (Hughes 25-26). Hughes concludes that although he is different from his peers in some ways, they are all Americans with common likes and purposes. The â€Å"page† therefore works as a viable and profound metaphor for cultural integration.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Explained

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Explained Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Key Takeaways: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Maslow, we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.In this theory, higher needs in the hierarchy begin to emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous need.Although later research does not fully support all of Maslow’s theory, his research has impacted other psychologists and contributed to the field of positive psychology. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? In order to better understand what motivates human beings, Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy. This hierarchy ranges from more concrete needs- such as food and water- to more abstract concepts such as self-fulfillment. According to Maslow, when a lower need is met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our focus of attention. These are the five categories of needs according to Maslow: Physiological These refer to basic physical needs, such as drinking when thirsty or eating when hungry. According to Maslow, some of these needs involve our efforts to meet the body’s need for homeostasis; that is, maintaining consistent levels in different bodily systems (for example, maintaining a body temperature of 98.6 degrees). Maslow considered physiological needs to be the most essential of our needs. If someone is lacking in more than one need, they’re likely to try to meet these physiological needs first. For example, if someone is extremely hungry, it’s hard to focus on anything else besides food. Another example of a physiological need would be the need for adequate sleep. Safety Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in childhood, as children have a need for safe and predictable environments and typically react with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met. Maslow pointed out that, in adults living in developed nations, safety needs can be more apparent in emergency situations (e.g. war and disasters), but this need can also explain why we tend to  prefer the familiar  or why we do things like purchasing insurance and contributing to a savings account. Love and Belonging According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling loved and accepted. This need includes both romantic relationships as well as ties to friends and family members. It also includes our need to feel that we belong to a social group. Importantly, this need encompasses both feeling loved  and  feeling love towards others. Since Maslow’s time, researchers have continued to explore how love and belonging needs impact well-being. For example, having social connections is related to better physical health and, conversely, feeling isolated (i.e. having unmet belonging needs) has negative consequences for health and well-being. Esteem Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves. According to Maslow, esteem needs include two components. The first involves feeling self-confidence and feeling good about oneself. The second component involves feeling valued by others; that is, feeling that our achievements and contributions have been recognized by other people. When people’s esteem needs are met, they feel confident and see their contributions and achievements as valuable and important. However, when their esteem needs are not met, they may experience what psychologist Alfred Adler called â€Å"feelings of inferiority.† Self-Actualization Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we are living up to our potential. One unique feature of self-actualization is that it looks different for everyone. For one person, self-actualization might involve helping others; for another person, it might involve achievements in an artistic or creative field. Essentially, self-actualization means feeling that we are doing what we feel we are meant to do. According to Maslow, achieving self-actualization is relatively rare, and his examples of famous self-actualized individuals include Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Mother Teresa. How People Progress Through the Hierarchy of Needs Maslow postulated that there were several prerequisites to meeting these needs. For example, having freedom of speech and freedom of expression, or living in a just and fair society, aren’t specifically mentioned within the hierarchy of needs. However, Maslow believed that having these things makes it easier for people to achieve their needs. In addition to these needs, Maslow also believed that we have a need to learn new information and to better understand the world around us. This is partially because learning more about our environment helps us meet our other needs; for example, learning more about the world can help us feel safer, and developing a better understanding of a topic one is passionate about can contribute to self-actualization. However, Maslow also believed that this call to understand the world around us is an innate need as well. Although Maslow presented his needs in a hierarchy, he also acknowledged that meeting each need is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. Consequently, people don’t need to completely satisfy one need in order for the next need in the hierarchy to emerge. Maslow suggests that, at any given time, most people tend to have each of their needs partly met- and that needs lower on the hierarchy are typically the ones that people have made the most progress towards. Additionally, Maslow pointed out that one behavior might meet two or more needs. For example, sharing a meal with someone meets the physiological need for food, but it might also meet the need of belonging. Similarly, working as a paid caregiver would provide someone with income (which allows them to pay for food and shelter), but can also provide them a sense of social connection and fulfillment. Testing Maslow’s Theory In the time since Maslow published his original paper, his idea that we go through five specific stages hasn’t always been supported by research. In a 2011 study of human needs across cultures, researchers Louis Tay and Ed Diener looked at data from over 60,000 participants in over 120 different countries. They assessed six needs similar to Maslow’s: basic needs (similar to Maslow’s physiological needs), safety, love, pride and respect (similar to Maslow’s esteem needs), mastery, and autonomy. They found that meeting these needs was indeed linked to well-being. In particular, having basic needs met was linked to people’s overall assessment of their lives, and feeling positive emotions was linked to meeting the needs of feeling loved and respected. However, although Tay and Diener found support for some of Maslow’s basic needs, the order that people go through these steps seems to be more of a rough guide than a strict rule. For example, people living in poverty might have trouble meeting their needs for food and safety. However, these individuals still sometimes reported feeling loved and supported by the people around them- meeting the previous needs in the hierarchy wasn’t a prerequisite for people to meet their love and belonging needs. Maslow’s Impact on Other Researchers Maslow’s theory has had a strong influence on other researchers, who have sought to build on his theory. For example, psychologists Carol Ryff and Burton Singer drew on Maslow’s theories when developing their theory of eudaimonic well-being. According to Ryff and Singer, eudaimonic well-being refers to feeling purpose and meaning- which is similar to Maslow’s idea of self-actualization. Psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary built on Maslow’s idea of love and belonging needs. According to Baumeister and Leary, feeling that one belongs is a fundamental need, and they suggest that feeling isolated or left out can have negative consequences for mental and physical health. Sources: Baumeister, Roy F., and Mark R. Leary. â€Å"The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.† Psychological Bulletin 117.3 (1995): 97-529. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651ï » ¿Kremer, William, and Claudia Hammond. â€Å"Abraham Maslow and the Pyramid That Beguiled Business.† BBC (2013, Sep. 1). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918Maslow, Abraham Harold. â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation.†Ã‚  Psychological Review  50.4 (1943): 370-396. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03751-001Ryff, Carol D., and Burton H. Singer. â€Å"Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being.†Ã‚  Journal of Happiness Studies  9.1 (2008): 13-39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0Tay, Louis, and Ed Diener. â€Å"Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World.†Ã‚  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  101.2 (2011): 354-365. http://psy cnet.apa.org/record/2011-12249-001Villarica, Hans. â€Å"Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness.† The Atlantic (2011, Aug. 17). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/08/maslow-20-a-new-and-improved-recipe-for-happiness/243486/

Analyses of the Articles about Animal Ethics Research Paper

Analyses of the Articles about Animal Ethics - Research Paper Example Animals do not have rights since they do not have moral reasoning and moral judgment. Use of animal as research subjects in medical research has been condemned widely criticized and condemned on two grounds: that it wrongly violates the animal rights and that it wrongly imposes much avoidable suffering on sentient creatures. According to Cohen (575), these arguments are not valid the first one relies on an understanding of rights which is mistaken, and the second is based on calculations of sequences which is mistaken. A right is a claim that can be exercised by one party against another (Cohen 576). The target of the right claim can be a human being, community or even the entire humankind but not to animals. For, any genuine right to be fully comprehended the person who holds the claim against the other party must be known and to what it is a right. Rights arise, according to Cohen (576), and they can be â€Å"intelligently defended, only among beings†¦.† Only human beings can make claims and rights beings claims, animals do not have rights since they can not make any moral claim against any person or group. The attributes of human beings from which, moral capability arises, have been discussed by philosophers at all times; ancient and modern, the inner consciousness of a free will. Animals do not have the ability to reason using a free will, and this denies the animals rights. Human beings defend other human beings lives and animals’ by treating them, and this can only be done through the use of animals in research. According to Cohen (579), â€Å"every disease eliminated, every vaccine developed†¦virtually every modern medical therapy is due†¦ to experimentation using animals.† For human and animal welfare to be enhanced, research has to be done using the animals. The article the case for the use of animals in biomedical research, by Carl Cohen, looks at the importance of animals in biomedical research to both animals  and humans, as well. This paper fully supports Cohen in his argument about animals not having rights, his definition of rights.  

Researchers and laboratories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Researchers and laboratories - Essay Example Overall, there is an expectation from this key customer group that there be a cost effective and guaranteed delivery mechanism in the postal services. Time is critical for them. But they are more particular about the time of delivery being committed rather than just being fast. In short, a fast, reliable and economical delivery mechanism is what is expected out of the postal services from this key customer group. The courier service has been picked up as the business for consideration. This would work more like the postal services and would make use of the airline industry which would also benefit by introducing such a service. With the changing and dynamic scenario of currency exchange rates and international travel playing a major role in the airline industry, the courier or postal services will bring in a semblance of stability to the industry. Also, there are gaps in the airline industry which could make operation of the postal services profitable. Based on all these conditions, the airline industry is chosen to support the postal services that are planned for the purpose. In order to evaluate the possible impact of such a postal service on the using customers and the major or key customers and what they look for in this business, a survey is planned. The following groups of people are considered key customers for the business: 1. Researchers and two, Laboratories. These industries requi re delivery of a message or information from the researcher to the lab and vice versa swiftly as well as without any ambiguity. Therefore, the possibility that these people would become a key customer is high. Aims and Objectives The aim of this work is to ensure that an appropriate survey is conducted on a key customer group resulting in gathering relevant information that will help the management to make appropriate decision. The objectives of this project are to conduct a market research and survey on the usefulness and acceptability of a postal service. In order to achieve both the aim and the objectives, it is important that an appropriate target or key customer group is identified. Secondly, a proper questionnaire is also designed for the purpose of conducting a survey. In line with this need, the following jobs are subsequently done. Key Customer Group Many of the schools and colleges have research fellows working under their stewardship. In addition, there are also researchers in private and public labs who are also on the job of research. It will be impossible for the researchers to share their work with their other colleagues without having appropriate communication methodology. Though with the large scale increase in technology, namely internet and email, it is still found that there is nothing that would equal printed paper sharing and the ease with which one can share the printed paper. Therefore, it is imperative that this group of people make use of the postal services more than any other group of people and it would be important for the postal servic

Which EU institution is the most powerful? Essay -- Economics

Which EU institution is the most powerful? The European Union (EU) is currently made up of 25 countries, known as Member States, which together form the largest voluntary and peaceful block of countries in the world. Many people mistakenly view the European Union as a single body whilst in fact; the EU consists of a number of different institutions that together carry out activities on behalf of the Member States. There are many institutions but the main five being the Commission, the Council of Ministers (also called the Council of the European Union), the European Council and the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice. In this essay I am going to focus on these institutions and discuss which is to be considered more powerful. I will firstly look at each one individually and how it is organised then analyse its powers and responsibilities before comparing them and drawing up my conclusions. However I would like to note that there are many different interpretations and parameters of ‘powerful’ which make it difficult to answer the question. The EU was established in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty. It comprises what are known as three ‘pillars’. Firstly the EC; secondly, inter-governmental co-operation (i.e. between national governments) in foreign and security policy and the third pillar being inter-governmental co-operation in justice and home affairs. In the second and third pillars policy decisions are made by unanimous cooperation between members and cannot be enforced. Therefore for the most part, the governing institutions of the EC pillar have limited input in these pillars. The European Commission does much of the day-to-day work in the European Union and is the driving force in the Union's institutional system. Their main responsibility is to initiate and implement new programs, and they form a permanent executive that supervise the work of the EU, much in the way that a national cabinet operates. This power is displayed in article 211 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, which states that, the Commission: 'Shall formulate recommendations or deliver opinions on matters dealt with in this treaty, if it expressly so provides or if the commission considers it necessary.' The Commission is made up of a President and the College of Commissioners (the political arm), and the Direc... ...------------------------------------- [1] The Presidency of the Council is the driving force in the legislative and political decision-making process, organising and chairing all meetings and working out compromises to resolve any difficulties. The Presidency rotates among the Member States every six months and is used as a mechanism through which Member States can advance specific priorities. The UK will next hold the Presidency in the second half of 2005. [2] The European Council's far reaching and dramatic decisions have helped propel their meetings into the public spotlight where they have become the focal point for media coverage of the EU, which increases their power [3] During the political, economic and institutional weakening of the European Community (EC) in the 1960s and 1970s the ECJ persisted and struggled on to create an extensive and powerful mass of case law that continued the process for deeper integration. The outcome of this was extremely positive. The work of the ECJ developed not just a new legal order but also assisted in the EC's resurgence during the 1980s. (Dinan 2000: p301)

Gaps of Service Quality

Measuring Perceived Service Quality Using s e rv q ua l: A Case Study of the Croatian Hotel Industry ? s u z ana m ar k ovi c Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management Opatija, Croatia s an j a r as p o r Polytechnic of Rijeka, Croatia The purpose of the study is to examine customers’ perceptions of service quality in the Croatian hotel industry. The aim is to assess the perceived service quality of hotel attributes and to determine the factor structure of service quality perception. A modi? d s e rv q ua l scale was used to assess service quality perceptions from the perspective of domestic and international tourists. Data were collected in 15 hotels in the Opatija Riviera (Croatia), using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted. The study results indicate the rather high expectations of hotel guests regarding service quality. ‘Reliability,’ ‘empathy and com petence of staff,’ ‘accessibility’ and ‘tangibles’ are the key factors that best explained customers’ expectations of hotel service quality.The results of the quantitative assessment of perceived service quality may provide some insights on how customers rate the service quality of a particular hotel. Thus, the ? ndings can be used as a guide for hotel managers to improve the crucial quality attributes and enhance service quality and business performance. Key words: service quality, servqual, factor analysis, reliability analysis, hotel industry Introduction In the highly competitive hotel industry, service becomes one of the most important elements for gaining a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace.Consequently, the efforts of service managers and academic researchers are directed towards understanding how customers perceive the quality of service. Customers are likely to view services as a variety of attributes that may, in d ifferent ways, contribute to their purchase intentions and perceptions of service quality. Although researchers (Gronroos 1984; Parasuraman, Berry and Zeithaml 1985, Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry 1988; Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry 1990) have focused m anag e m e n t 5 ( 3 ) : 195–209 195 ?Suzana Markovic and Sanja Raspor on different aspects of service quality, they all agree that the emphasis should be on customers. The most common de? nition of the concept is attitude, which results from a comparison of customers’ expectations with perceptions of performance (Parasuraman, Berry and Zeithaml 1985, Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry 1988). What is more, customers perceive service quality as a multidimensional concept. The speci? c nature of services makes it dif? cult to provide, measure and maintain their quality.However, Parasuraman Berry and Zeithaml and Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1985, 1988) presented the s e rvq ual scale, which became the most popular ins trument for measuring service quality. The model has been applied in various service industries, including tourism and hospitality. In most of the researches the instrument was modi? ed to suit the features of a speci? c service. The study has several objectives. The ? rst objective is to determine the level of perceived service quality in Croatian hotels.The second aim is to establish the number of dimensions of perceived service quality in the hospitality industry, using the modi? ed s e rvq ual model. Finally, the third objective is to test the reliability of the modi? ed s e rvq ual model. Conceptual Background p e r c e i ve d s e rvic e q ual i t y The service quality construct is mostly conceptualized in the context of service marketing literature (Lee, Lee and Yoo 2000). Therefore, it deals with the concept of perceived service quality. According to Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry (1990), perceived service quality is the extent to which a ? m successfully serves the purpose of customers. Customers determine the perceived or cognitive value of service based on their experience with the service delivered. Ghobadian, Speller and Jones (1994) stated that customers’ expectations, service delivery process and service outcome have an impact on perceived service quality. Yoo and Park (2007) found that employees, as an integral part of the service process, are a critical element in enhancing perceived service quality. Furthermore, Edvardsson (2005) pointed out that service quality perceptions are formed during the production, delivery and consumption process.The author concluded that customers’ favorable and unfavorable experience, as well as their positive and negative emotions may have an important impact on 196 m anag e m e n t  · vo lu m e 5 Measuring Perceived Service Quality Using servq ual perceived service quality. Similarly, O’Neill and Palmer (2003) have reported that customers’ perceptions of service quality may, to a la rge extent, be in? uenced by the degree of their prior experience with a particular service. In the hospitality industry, several studies have examined hotel attributes that guests may ? d important when evaluating the performed service quality. Literature review suggests that cleanliness (Atkinson 1988; Knutson 1988; Gundersen, Heide and Olsson 1996), security and safety (Atkinson, 1988; Knutson, 1988; Gundersen et al. 1996), employees’ empathy and competence (Atkinson 1988; Knutson 1988; Barsky and Labagh 1992; Gundersen, Heide ? and Olsson 1996; Choi and Chu 2001; Markovic 2004), convenient location (Knutson 1988; Barsky and Labagh 1992), value for money (Atkinson 1988; Gundersen, Heide and Olsson 1996; Choi and Chu ? 001) and physical facilities (Choi and Chu 2001; Markovic 2004) are attributes that hotel guests perceive as being important. It should be noted that according to some authors, perceived service quality has been accepted as an antecedent of customer satisfact ion (Churchill and Suprenant 1982; Oliver 1997). What is more, Rowley (1998) argued that perceived service quality is an attitude related to, but not the same, as satisfaction. It is evident that the relationship between these two concepts is complex and that they have a causal ordering. e rvi c e q ual i t y m e as u r e m e n t One of the main research instruments for measuring quality in service industries is the s e rvq ual model, developed by Parasuraman Berry and Zeithaml and Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1985; 1988). The model contains 22 items for assessing customer perceptions and expectations regarding the quality of service. A level of agreement or disagreement with a given item is rated on a sevenpoint Likert-type scale. The level of service quality is represented by the gap between perceived and expected service. The s e rvq ual model is based on ? e service quality dimensions, namely tangibles (physical facilities, equipment and personnel appearance), reliability ( ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately), responsiveness (willingness to help customers and provide prompt service), assurance (knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to gain trust and con? dence) and empathy (providing individualized attention to the customers). During the last few years a variety of service quality studies have been conducted (Ladhari 2008). Among others, service quality was n u m b e r 3  · fal l 2 0 1 0 97 ? Suzana Markovic and Sanja Raspor measured in: accounting and audit ? rms (Ismail 2006), health spas ? (Snoj and Mumel 2002; Markovic, Horvat and Raspor 2004), higher ? ? education (Russel 2005; Markovic 2006), hotels (Markovic 2003, 2004; Juwaheer 2004; Wang, Wang and Zhao 2007; Raspor 2009), insurance (Tsoukatos, Marwa and Rand 2004), public-transport (Sanchez Perez 2007), restaurants (Andaleeb and Conway 2006; Namkung and Jang 2008), travel agencies (Martinez Caro and Martinez Garcia 2008), and web-sites (Parasura man, Zethaml and Malhotra 2005; Nusair and Kandampully 2008).Despite its wide usage, the model has been criticized by a number of academics (Carman 1990; Babakus and Boller 1992; Teas 1994). Criticism was directed at the conceptual and operational base of the model, mostly its validity, reliability, operationalization of expectations, and dimensional structure. However, there is general agreement that s e rvq ual items are reliable predictors of overall service quality (Khan 2003). As a result of these criticisms, alternative measures of service quality for speci? c service settings were developed.In the tourism and hospitality industry, Knutson et al. (1991) developed l o d g s e rv, a model utilized to measure service quality in the lodging industry. The model is based on ? ve original s r evq ual dimensions and contains 26 items. Getty and Thompson (1994) introduced another speci? c model for hotel settings, called l o d g q ua l, as did Wong Ooi Mei, Dean and White (1999) who de veloped a h o l s e rv model. The l o d ge q ual model identi? ed three dimensions, namely tangibles, reliability and contact. On the other hand, the h o l s e rv model includes 27 items, grouped in ? e original s e rv q ua l dimensions. Furthermore, d i n e s e rv is a model used for measuring restaurant service quality (Stevens, Knutson and Patton 1995). It contains 29 items and ? ve s e rv q ua l dimensions. O’Neill et al. (2000) developed the d i ve p e r f model for assessing perceptions of diving services. The model consists of ? ve servqual dimensions and 27 items. e c o s e rv was introduced by Khan (2003). It was utilized to measure service quality expectations in eco-tourism, using 30 items and ? ve s e rvq ual dimensions. All of these models represent modi? ations of the s e rvq ual instrument, aiming to improve its original methodology. However, Cronin and Taylor (1992) argued that performance is the measure that best explains customers’ perceptions of serv ice quality, so expectations should not be included in the service quality measurement instrument. They developed a performance-only scale called s e rvp e r f and tested it in four industries. Results indicated 198 m anag e m e n t  · vo lu m e 5 Measuring Perceived Service Quality Using servq ual that the s e rvp e r f model explains more of the variation in service quality than s e rvq ual; it had an excellent ? in all four industries and it contains only half the number of items that must be measured. These results were interpreted as additional support for the superiority of the servperf approach to the measurement of service quality. Several authors used the performance-only approach to assess service quality in tourism and hospitality settings. Travelers’ perceptions of hotel attributes were measured in Hong Kong’s hotels (Choi and Chu 2001), hotels of Mauritius (Juwaheer 2004) and Malaysian hotels (Poon and Lock-Teng Low 2005).The question of whether service quality should be measured as the difference between customers’ perceptions and expectations, or whether some alternative approach is more appropriate remains part of an extensive debate in service quality literature. Methodology Hotel guests’ perceptions were measured with a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed on the basis of a literature review and adopted to suit the speci? c features of a hotel setting (Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry 1988; Zeithaml et al. 1990; ? Snoj and Ogorelc 1998; Pizam and Ellis 1999; Markovic 2003). As a foundation or questionnaire development, the s e rvq ual model was used. The original items were slightly modi? ed to suit the hospitality setting. For example, instead of ‘x y z Company has modernlooking equipment,’ the statement was modi? ed to the ‘Hotel has modern-looking equipment. ’ The original item ‘Guests feel safe in their transactions with employees’ was replaced by the item ‘Guests feel safe and secure in their stay. ’ The reason for this change is the confusing meaning of the word ‘transactions’ and the fact that safety and security are regarded as an important factor in a hotel stay. Moreover, in order to measure attributes speci? to the hotel environment, the following items were added: ‘parking area’ (Pizam and Ellis 1999), ‘appropriate location,’ ‘available and clear information,’ ‘variety of facilities’ (Snoj and Ogorelc 1998), ‘clean and tidy hotel,’ ‘feeling safe and secure,’ ‘ease of ? nding a way around the hotel’ ? and ‘typical service quality for hotel category’ (Markovic, 2003). All the statements in the questionnaire were positively worded. Finally, the modi? cation resulted in the deletion of one original s e rvq ual item and the inclusion of eight new items, leaving a total of 29 hotel attributes . These attributes represented seven dimensions: ? e original servqual dimensions (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, as- n u m b e r 3  · fal l 2 0 1 0 199 ? Suzana Markovic and Sanja Raspor surance, empathy) and two new dimensions, named as accessibility and output quality. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The ? rst part measured guests’ perceptions of hotel attributes using a modi? ed s e rv q ua l model. Service quality perceptions were measured on a seven-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 ‘strongly disagree’ to 7 ‘strongly agree. ’ The second part was designed to capture respondents’ demographic and traveling characteristics, hich included country of residence, age, gender, purpose of visit, duration of staying at a hotel, level of education, and hotel category. The target population of the survey was guests staying in hotels on the Opatija Riviera (Croatia) during the summer of 2007. Questionnaires were distributed i n 15 (2-, 3- and 4-star) hotels, after hotel managers agreed to participate in the study. Reception desk employees were asked to administer the questionnaires to guests during their hotel stay, and to collect them after completion. In each hotel questionnaires were randomly distributed to the guests.Of 265 returned questionnaires, 12 were not included in the analysis because of incompleteness. Thus, data analysis is based on a sample of 253 valid questionnaires. The response rate was 26 per cent. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to describe respondents’ demographic characteristics and to evaluate service quality perceptions of hotel guests. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on the 29 perception attributes included in the questionnaire in order to determine underlying dimensions of hotel service quality perceptions. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was conducted.Items with eigenvalues equal to or greater than 1, factor loadings above 0. 4, and factors which contain at least three items were retained (Hair et al. 2006). Furthermore, a reliability analysis was performed to test the reliability of the scale and inner consistency of extracted factors. For this purpose, Cronbach’s alpha coef? cients were calculated. Results In order to achieve the study’s goals, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and reliability analysis were performed. The results are presented as follows. First, respondents’ demographic and traveling characteristics are provided.Next, the results of descriptive analysis of guests’ perceptions are presented. Third, the results of factor and reliability analyses are interpreted. The statistical analysis was conducted on 253 valid questionnaires. The demographic and traveling characteristics of the respondents 200 m anag e m e n t  · vo lu m e 5 Measuring Perceived Service Quality Using servq ual tab le 1 Demographic pro? le of the respondents Items Percentage Gender Items Percentage Age Male 51. 8 16–25 3. 6 Female 48. 2 26–35 15. 4 Purpose of visit Business Visit friends, relatives Vacation Others 36–45 26. 1 . 1 46–55 19. 4 4. 3 56–65 25. 7 86. 2 0. 4 Level of education Primary school 66 and above 9. 9 Country of residence Austria Croatia 16. 6 Secondary school 29. 2 Italy 20. 9 Higher education 24. 1 Germany 14. 6 University and above 36. 4 Others 36. 8 Others 3. 6 11. 1 6. 7 Duration of staying at a hotel Hotel category 4-star 53. 3 1–3 days 19. 0 3-star 33. 3 4–7 days 49. 8 2-star 13. 4 8–15 days 28. 1 are presented in table 1. The sample included domestic (16. 6 per cent) and international tourists (83. 4 per cent). There were slightly more males (51. 8 per cent) than females (48. per cent), and most of the respondents (55 per cent) were older than 46 years. More than 60 per cent of hotel guests in the sample had a university or college education. About 86 per cent of the respondents indi cated that the main purpose of their visit was vacation. Most of them stayed at a 4-star hotel, for between four and seven days. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of guests’ perceptions in the hotel industry are shown in table 2. The range of service quality perceptions items was from 1 (very low perceptions) to 7 (very high perceptions). The mean scores of guests’ perceptions ranged from 4. 7 to 6. 34. The lowest perception item was ‘offering a variety of facilities,’ which indicates that hotels do not provide enough suitable facilities that could enhance hotel quality. On the other hand, hotel guests’ highest perceptions were regarding the ‘ease of ? nding a way around the hotel,’ Furthermore, guests highly assessed the following hotel attributes: ‘feeling safe and secure,’ ‘willingness for helping guests’ and ‘courteous hotel staff. ’ These indicate that a hotel’s staff has one of the crucial roles in n u m b e r 3  · fal l 2 0 1 0 201 ? Suzana Markovic and Sanja Raspor tab le 2Average scores of service quality perceptions in hotel settings Attributes Mean St. dev. v1 Modern-looking equipment 5. 31 1. 48 v2 Visually appealing physical facilities 5. 53 1. 23 v3 Neat hotel staff 6. 13 0. 90 v4 Visually appealing materials (pamphlets, web-sites) 5. 53 1. 23 v5 Clean and tidy hotel 6. 06 1. 05 v6 Appropriate location 6. 19 1. 00 v7 Parking area 4. 96 1. 87 v8 Performing service in the promised time 5. 98 0. 93 v9 Interest in solving guests’ problems 6. 09 1. 00 v10 Performing services right the ? rst time 5. 99 0. 89 v11 Service without delays 6. 02 0. 84 v12 Error-free service 5. 81 . 98 v13 Knowing the exact time when service will be performed 6. 00 0. 90 v14 Hotel staff provides prompt service 5. 98 0. 91 v15 Willingness to help guests 6. 25 0. 80 v16 Hotel staff has time to answer guests’ questions 6. 13 0. 94 v17 Hotel staff instil ls con? dence 6. 14 0. 92 v18 Courteous hotel staff 6. 25 0. 82 v19 Hotel staff has knowledge to answer questions 5. 99 0. 90 v20 Feeling safe and secure 6. 29 0. 81 v21 Providing individual attention 5. 81 1. 03 v22 Convenient opening hours 5. 94 1. 01 v23 Hotel staff provides personal attention 5. 86 0. 98 v24 Guests’ best interests at heart 6. 02 0. 87 25 Understanding guests’ speci? c needs 5. 86 1. 01 v26 Ease of ? nding one’s way around the hotel 6. 34 0. 85 v27 Available and clear information in the hotel 6. 17 0. 89 v28 Offering a variety of facilities 4. 77 1. 66 v29 Typical service quality for hotel category 6. 03 1. 09 Overall mean for 29 attributes 5. 92 performing high service quality. The overall mean score for service quality perceptions items was 5. 92. This score indicates rather high perceptions of hotel guests regarding service quality. The exploratory factor analysis extracted ? ve factors, which accounted for 65. 1 per cent of variance in th e data. Since the ? th factor contained only two items, it could not be considered as a factor and is not interpreted. The results are presented in table 3. Most of the factor loadings were greater than 0. 60, implying a rea- 202 m anag e m e n t  · vo lu m e 5 Measuring Perceived Service Quality Using servq ual Factor analysis and reliability analysis results of hotel guests’ perceptions (n = 253) Items (n = 29) Factors f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 Communalities v9 0. 751 0. 688 v12 0. 732 0. 703 v13 0. 671 0. 595 v11 0. 658 0. 675 v10 0. 648 0. 615 v14 0. 623 0. 664 v22 0. 623 0. 557 v8 0. 586 0. 584 v3 0. 505 0. 614 v25 0. 731 0. 793 v16 0. 725 0. 748 v23 . 723 0. 776 v21 0. 713 0. 711 v19 0. 688 0. 616 v17 0. 632 0. 688 v27 0. 622 0. 683 v6 0. 693 0. 580 v26 0. 686 0. 625 v20 0. 618 0. 679 v18 0. 554 0. 685 v5 0. 549 0. 509 v24 0. 537 0. 632 v29 0. 529 0. 447 v15 0. 482 0. 598 v2 0. 784 0. 778 v1 0. 748 0. 723 v4 0. 501 v28 % of Variance Cronbach alpha Number of items 0. 684 0. 675 0 . 669 2. 577 1. 514 18. 879 14. 774 8. 887 5. 222 65. 104 0. 869 0. 785 — 0. 953 8 3 2 v7 Eigenvalue 0. 562 0. 771 5. 551 4. 953 4. 284 19. 142 17. 079 0. 916 0. 917 9 7 sonably high correlation between extracted factors and their individual items. The communalities of 29 items ranged from 0. 47 to 0. 793 indicating that a large amount of variance has been extracted by the factor solution. Only one item (‘typical service quality for hotel category’) was below the suggested value of 0. 50 (Hair et al. , 2006). n u m b e r 3  · fal l 2 0 1 0 203 ? Suzana Markovic and Sanja Raspor The four remaining factors are labeled as follows: f 1 – ‘reliability’ (solving guests’ problems and performing error-free service at promised time), f2 – ‘empathy and competence of staff’ (staff knowledge and ability to provide individual attention), f 3 – ‘accessibility’ (appropriate location of the hotel and ease of co mmunication and ? ding the way around the hotel) and f 4 – ‘tangibles’ (appearance of the facilities, equipment and communication materials). The ? rst factor contains most of the items and explains most of the variance. Thus, hotel service reliability is an important determinant of perceived service quality. The results of the reliability analysis showed that Cronbach’s alpha coef? cients of the extracted factors ranged from 0. 785 to 0. 917. That is well above the minimum value of 0. 60, which is considered acceptable as an indication of scale reliability (Hair et al. 2006). Thus, these values suggest good internal consistency of the factors.Finally, Cronbach’s alpha value for the overall perception scale is 0. 953 and indicates its high reliability. Discussion and Conclusion Perceptions of hotel service quality are the degree to which hotel guests ? nd various hotel attributes important in enhancing their satisfaction with the hotel stay. In the present study, it was revealed that the main dimensions of perceived service quality in hotels are ‘reliability,’ ‘empathy and competence of staff,’ ‘accessibility,’ and ‘tangibles. ’ Two of these are similar to the s e rvq ual model, while others overlap with the original s e rvq ual dimensions.However, the studies conducted in the hotel sector identi? ed different outcomes with regard to the number and interpretation of dimensions guests use to assess perceived hotel service quality. Akan (1995) reported a seven-dimension structure, labeled as ‘courtesy and competence of the personnel,’ ‘communications and transactions,’ ‘tangibles,’ ‘knowing and understanding the customer,’ ‘accuracy and speed of service,’ ‘solutions to problems’ and ‘accuracy of hotel reservations. ’ Wong Ooi Mei et al. (1999) identi? ed ‘employees,’ ‘t angibles’ and ‘reliability’ as key dimensions of service quality in the hospitality industry.Moreover, Choi and Chu (2001) reported the following seven dimensions: ‘staff service quality,’ ‘room qualities,’ ‘general amenities,’ ‘business services,’ ‘value,’ ‘security’ and ? ‘i d d facilities,’ Markovic (2003) identi? ed a three-dimension solution, interpreted as ‘empathy and assurance of hotel staff,’ ‘reliability,’ and ‘physical quality. ’ This implies that the number and de? nition of the dimensions depend on the measurement context. 204 m anag e m e n t  · vo lu m e 5 Measuring Perceived Service Quality Using servq ual Furthermore, the ? ndings of this study reveal that among the four dimensions, reliability’ has emerged as the most important predictor of perceived service quality. In the hospitality industry, this dimensio n refers to solving guests’ problems, performing error-free service at the promised time, providing prompt service, convenient opening hours of hotel facilities. This ? nding is similar to Knutson et al. (1991) and Juwaheer’s (2004) research conducted in hotel settings. The indicators of factor and reliability analyses are also consistent with similar studies conducted in the hospitality industry. The proposed factor structure of the present study, as well as in the studies ? onducted by Choi and Chu (2001) and Markovic (2003) have explained the rather high percentage of variance in original data – 65. 1 per cent, 67. 2 per cent and 73. 9 per cent, respectively. The Cronbach alpha values are 0. 95 (this study), 0. 94 (Choi and Chu 2001) and 0. 92 ? (Markovic 2003) and indicate high reliability of the instruments. It can be concluded that the modi? ed version of the s e rv q ua l model is suitable for use by hotel managers in gaining easily interpretable and reli able data on hotel guests’ attitudes regarding perceived service quality.The results of this study suggest that solving guests’ problems, performing error-free service, employees’ attitude, appropriate location, and the appearance of the facilities are the key attributes for a hotel’s success on the Opatija Riviera. Thus, the ? ndings can be used as a guide for hotel managers to improve crucial quality attributes and enhance service quality and business performance. There are several limitations that need to be acknowledged. The data were collected in a small although important tourist destination in Croatia. The questionnaires were distributed during the summer months.Thus, the results’ interpretation should be limited to this group of hotel guests. It is possible that guests staying in hotels out of the main tourist season might have different perceptions of the service quality. Also, the measurement of hotel guests’ perceptions was limite d to 29 hotel attributes. Even though these attributes were included in other studies as well, there could be other relevant hotel attributes that are likely to in? uence hotel guests’ perceptions. In order to be able to generalize the ? ndings, it is suggested that similar studies be conducted in other Croatian tourist destinations as well.Moreover, this study was focused only on hotels. Future research should test whether the factor structure proposed in this study is valid in other types of accommodation in the region (e. g. camps, private accommodation, hostels). Additionally, future research could also assess hotel staffs’ perceptions of service per- n u m b e r 3  · fal l 2 0 1 0 205 ? 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